Friday, December 31, 2010

TOP 20 GYM MISTAKES

TOP 20 GYM MISTAKES

1)you always stick to the same workout

2)u copy the hardcore gym members

3)u go everyday

4)you use gym for socialising

5)you exercise aimlessly

6)you only train on your own

7)you never take a break

8)you beat yourself up when you have a bad session

9)you confuse a tired brain with a tired body

10)you work through colds

11)you sticl to the machines

12)you don't warm up specifically

13)you don't time your rests between sets

14)you only ever use heavy weight to build muscles

15)you do too many workouts

16)you have ego

17)improper form

18)lack of consistency

19)poor meal plan

20)chit-chatting

ADVANTAGES OF CORRECT POSTURES

ADVANTAGES OF CORRECT POSTURE :-

The benefit of good posture make it a desirable factor to focus on .It considers the following advantages :-

1)effective breathing

2)improves concentration and thinking ability .

3)improves the personality

4)increases self-confidence

5)helps in avoiding orthopadic health complications

6)increase physical fitness .

YOGA EXCERXISE

ROLE OF YOGA IN LIFE :-

Yoga plays vital role in reducing fatigue ,muscle tension and stress also improves balance ,flexibility and strength . The body posture is directly related to sports efficiency and it gets improved with yoga

Yoga helps in folloging ways :-

1)muscular strength

2)flexibility

3)cardiovascular endurance

4)balance

5)focus

6)concentration

7)peace of mind

8)agility

9)injury prevention

10)rehabilitation

YOGA EXCERSIZE

ROLE OF YOGA IN LIFE :-

Yoga plays vital role in reducing fatigue ,muscle tension and stress also improves balance ,flexibility and strength . The body posture is directly related to sports efficiency and it gets improved with yoga

Yoga helps in folloging ways :-

1)muscular strength

2)flexibility

3)cardiovascular endurance

4)balance

5)focus

6)concentration

7)peace of mind

8)agility

9)injury prevention

10)rehabilitation

ROLE OF YOGA IN SPORTS

ROLE OF YOGA IN SPORTS :-

Yoga plays vital role in reducing fatigue ,muscle tension and stress also improves balance ,flexibility and strength . The body posture is directly related to sports efficiency and it gets improved with yoga

Yoga helps in folloging ways :-

1)muscular strength

2)flexibility

3)cardiovascular endurance

4)balance

5)focus

6)concentration

7)peace of mind

8)agility

9)injury prevention

10)rehabilitation

ROLE OF YOGA IN LIFE

ROLE OF YOGA IN LIFE :-

Yoga plays vital role in reducing fatigue ,muscle tension and stress also improves balance ,flexibility and strength . The body posture is directly related to sports efficiency and it gets improved with yoga

Yoga helps in folloging ways :-

1)muscular strength

2)flexibility

3)cardiovascular endurance

4)balance

5)focus

6)concentration

7)peace of mind

8)agility

9)injury prevention

10)rehabilitation

ELEMENTS OF YOGA

ELEMENTS OF YOGA :-

The elements of yoga have been described as ashtanga yoga . The ashtanga yoga has been derived from two words 'ashta' which means eight and 'anga' which means limbs. Hence ,ashtanga yoga is known as eight-limbed yoga his eight elements are :-

1)yama (moral codes)

2)nimaya (self purification and study)

3)asana (posture)

4)pranayama (breath control)

5)pratyahara (sence control)

6)dharana (concentration)

7)dhyana (meditation)

8)samadhi (contemplation)

ADVANTAGES OF YOGA

BENEFIT OF YOGA :-

1)physical ailments .

2)postural deformities

3)physiological advantages of yoga and pranayama

4)hygehenic valve

5)mental relaxation

6)will power and confidence

YOGA AS AN INDIAN HERITAGE

YOGA AS AN INDIAN HERITAGE

The origin of yoga can be traced from hindu civilization in vedas . It was mentioned that yoga was considered good for health fitness and well being .in the old hindu civilization ,aryans did yogic exercise in 3000 b.c . The practice of yoga was common in ancient india where rishies and maharishies practiced yoga to control of mind and body . They gave emphasis on meditation which is essential for concentration .yoga aims at the development of perfect coordition between mind and body . Most of the sacred writings of india like vedas .upanishads ,puranas and tantras have well explaned yoga to achieve highest degree of knowledge .

BENEFIT OF YOGA

BENEFIT OF YOGA :-

1)physical ailments .

2)postural deformities

3)physiological advantages of yoga and pranayama

4)hygehenic valve

5)mental relaxation

6)will power and confidence

DISADVANTAGES OF IMPROPER POSTURE

IMPROPER POSTURE DISADVANTAGES :-

1)knock knee

2)flat foot

3)round shoulders

4)lordosis

5)kyphosis

6)bow legs

7)scoliosis

IMPORTANCE OF YOGA

IMPORTANCE OF YOGA :-

Yoga is not simply physical excercise but it gives relief to physical and mental ailments . The importance can be understood from the following quotation :

''Through constant practise of yoga ,one can overcome all difficulties and eradicate all weakness . Pain can be transmitted into bliss ,sorrow into joy ,failure into sucess and sickness into perfect health . Determination ,patience ,persistant lead us towards our goal '' (said in bhagwad gita)

CORRECT STANDING POSTURE

WHAT IS CORRECT SITTING POSTURE

KNOW CORRECT SITTING POSTURE :-

Now a days people sit for a long time on computer and hence the correct sitting posture is very important . While reading or studying in incorrect posture it can lead to posture deformities .

These following points kept in mind :-

1)always sit up with back straight and shoulders back .the buttocks should touch the back of the chair .
2)all three normal back curves should be placed normally while sitting .

3)distribute the body weight evenly on both hips .

4)the knees should be bent at a right angle. Keep the knees even little higher than hips . The use of a footrest or stool can be preferred . The legs should not be crossed .

5)always keep the feet flat on the floor while sitting .

6)try to avoid sitting in the same position for more than 30 minutes .

WHAT IS CORRECT SITTING POSTURE

KNOW CORRECT SITTING POSTURE :-

Now a days people sit for a long time on computer and hence the correct sitting posture is very important . While reading or studying in incorrect posture it can lead to posture deformities .

These following points kept in mind :-

1)always sit up with back straight and shoulders back .the buttocks should touch the back of the chair .
2)all three normal back curves should be placed normally while sitting .

3)distribute the body weight evenly on both hips .

4)the knees should be bent at a right angle. Keep the knees even little higher than hips . The use of a footrest or stool can be preferred . The legs should not be crossed .

5)always keep the feet flat on the floor while sitting .

6)try to avoid sitting in the same position for more than 30 minutes .

CORRECT STANDING POSTURE

CORRECT STANDING POSTURE :-

Although standing is something we do everyday . But most of us have never really given importance to the proper standing position . Many people are actually not aware that their standing habits can lead to their back and neck promblems . Hence ,it has become essential to know the correct standing posture . While standing following points must be kept in mind :

1)the head must be kept straight . It should not be tilted ,backward and sideways .

2) the earlobes should be in line with the middle of shoulders .

3)the shoulders blades should be kept back .

4)keep chest in a forward position

5)stretch the top of the head towards the ceiling .

6)keep the knees straight

7)the stomach should be tucked in . The pelvis should not tilted forward or backward .

8)the arches of the feet should be supported .

USE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT WHILE PLAYING

USE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT WHILE PLAYING :-

The use of safety equipment while participating in sports and other activities can prevent injuries to a great extent . The following safety equipments can prevent major injuries :-

1)helmets

2)face masks or polycarbonate guards

3)mouth guards

4)wrist ,knee and elbow guards

5)pads

6)protective cup

7)footwear

COMMITTES FOR ORGANISING SPORTS EVENT

COMMITTES FOR ORGANISING SPORTS EVENTS

The organisation of sports event requires a lot of planning . The planning excuted properly when different comittees work together for the smooth conduct of sports events

The following committes are formed :-

1)technical committe

2)finance committee

3)reception committee

4)publicity committee

5)accommodation committee

6)transport committee

7)prizes committee

8)medical committee

9)refreshment committee

10)protest committee

11)ceremony committee

COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT

COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT :-

1)ABIOTIC - It consists of all non-living things such as soil ,atmosphere ,water ,climate etc .

2)BIOTIC - It includes all living things such as plants and animals .

CALISTHENICS ADVANTAGES

CALISTHENICS ADVANTAGES :-

Catherine beecher developed calisthenics . The concept is beauty with strength most of the women preffered these excersise .

IMPORTANCE OF CYCLING

CYCLING

Cycling is considered the national sport of france .the most famous and adventurous event is tour de france . In this ,cyclists cover the entire france .cycling is the one of the best aerobic exercises because it can be done for the sake of enjoyment and fitness . Road races are most popular form of cycling because they develop cardiovascular system to a great extent . The cycling also develop strength of the legs .

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL FITNESS DEVELOPMENT

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL FITNESS DEVELOPMENT :-

The physical fitness programmes help the individuals to develop good physical fitness habits . The fitness programmes include vigorous activities designed to enhances speed ,strength ,endurance ,flexibility and coordinative abilities . These progran must be designed on the principles explaned below :-

1)principle of overload - overloading is felt when the maximum supplying capacity of oxygen is less than the required muscular strength is effectively developed when the muscle group is overloaded .

2)warming up and cooling down - warm up before excercise it loosens muscles and makes them more elastic .after each training programme ,it is important for the body to cool down . The cooling down leads to gradual lowering down of body temperature ,heart rate ,breathing rate and blood circulation .

3)progression

4)individual difference

5)specificity

6)safety

7)age and sex

IMPORTANCE OF JOGGING

JOGGING

Jogging is the most popular form of excercise in which an individual runs at a moderate speed . The intensity of jogging varies according to the individual's ability . The concept of jogging came into existance in the mid of 1960 s .millions of people all over the world started jogging for the development of endurance . Jogging is done for atleast three kilometre every week .

FACTORS AFEECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

The physical fitness and wellness very from person to person. The following factors affects physical fitness and wellness :-

1)heredity

2)regular exercise

3)progressive overloading

4)balanced diet

5)stress

6)living style

7)cigarette smoking

8)drugs

9)rest ,relaxation and recreation

10)environment

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

The physical fitness and wellness very from person to person. The following factors affects physical fitness and wellness :-

1)heredity

2)regular exercise

3)progressive overloading

4)balanced diet

5)stress

6)living style

7)cigarette smoking

8)drugs

9)rest ,relaxation and recreation

10)environment

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

The physical fitness and wellness very from person to person. The following factors affects physical fitness and wellness :-

1)heredity

2)regular exercise

3)progressive overloading

4)balanced diet

5)stress

6)living style

7)cigarette smoking

8)drugs

9)rest ,relaxation and recreation

10)environment

IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS

COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS :-

The wellness is not just absense of disease but also has several components like physical ,emotional ,social ,intellectual ,spiritual and occupational .
Following are the main components of wellness :-

1)PHYSICAL WELLNESS

2)EMOTIONAL WELLNESS

3)SOCIAL WELLNESS

4)INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS

5)SPIRITUAL WELLNESS

6)OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS

COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND WELLNESS

COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND WELLNESS :-

Physical fitness has five components which are essenthal in the field of physical education . The exercise are planned in such a manner that all components are developed simultaneously . The sports performance largely depends upon the physical fitness components .

1)STRENGTH

2)SPEED

3)ENDURANCE

4)FLEXIBILITY

5)CO-ORDINATIVE ABILITIES

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

MEANING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS :-

Physical fitness is defined herein as the capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of life with sucess .

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

1.QUALITY OF LIFE

Many experiment shows that regular exercise and fitness improves the quality of life . In our daily life ,a physically fit person can manage the routine work efficiently and without getting fatigue .

2. PREVENTION OF DISEASES :-

The regular fitness work can prevent many diseases ,espacially those related to the heart . A physically fit person is less prone to coronary heart diseases because of low level of cholestrol in the body .

2. HARMONIOUS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT :-

Physical education also has relation with growth and development . Exercise may promote muscle strength . The regular physical training can improve the efficiency of various organs .

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

MEANING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS :-

Physical fitness is defined herein as the capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of life with sucess .

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS :-

1.QUALITY OF LIFE

Many experiment shows that regular exercise and fitness improves the quality of life . In our daily life ,a physically fit person can manage the routine work efficiently and without getting fatigue .

2. PREVENTION OF DISEASES :-

The regular fitness work can prevent many diseases ,espacially those related to the heart . A physically fit person is less prone to coronary heart diseases because of low level of cholestrol in the body .

2. HARMONIOUS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT :-

Physical education also has relation with growth and development . Exercise may promote muscle strength . The regular physical training can improve the efficiency of various organs .

INDIAN STUDENT PLEDGE

INDIAN STUDENT PLEDGE

India is my country all indians are my brothers and sisters . I love my country and i am proud of its rich and varied heritage . I shall always strive to be worthy of it . I shall give respect to my parents ,teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy . To my country and my people . I pledge my devotion .in their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness .

NOMARKS FACE PACK

NOMARKS FACE PACK

INGREDIENTS :-
neem ,camphor ,clove ,eucalyptus ,lemon

ACTION :-
Acne/pimple or pimple prone skin requires stress free treatment . Removal of excess oil which in combination with dead cells cause pimples is beneficial for all types of skin . No pimples no marks face pack is enriched with natural ingredients to remove excess oil/sebum from skin surface and to deep cleanse it . It penetrates deep below the skin surface to fight acne/pimple causing bacteria ,rejuvenates skin texture and enhances natural gloss and freshness .

DIRECTION FOR USE ;-

Apply an even layer on clean and dry face avoiding eyes . Rince off with clean water before it completely dry . For best result use twice a week .

RESULTS :-
Remove excess oil from skin surface , deep cleanes and prevents and treats acne ,pimples . It also refresh skin ,improver its texture ,gloss and complexion .

NET WT - 60gram

PRICE - 60 /- only

WEBSITE - www.nomarks.in

Thursday, December 30, 2010

SHIPPING MINISTRY INDIA

SHIPPING MINISTRY INDIA
The ministry of shipping a branch of the government of india is the apex body for formulation and administrative of the rules and regulations and laws relating to shipping from 2009 this department is under G.k.vasan .

NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA

NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA

The national highway authority of india is an autonomous agency of the government of india responsible foq management of a network of over 60,000 km of national highways in india . The authority is a nodal agency of the ministry of road transport and highways ..

STEPS TO RECHARGE MOBILE ONLINE FROM AXIS BANK ICONNECT

STEPS TO RECHARGE MOBILE ONLINE FROM AXIS BANK ICONNECT :-

1)login to iconnect using your login id and password

2)register your mobile number by clicking ''register mobile number'' option .you can register as many number as you want .

3)click on ''recharge mobile'' and recharge your mobile .

IMPORTANT POINTS :-

1)the facility available for prepaid only


LIMITS ON TRANSACTIONS

1)recharge limit is 1,000 per transaction

2)recharge limit per mobile number per day is 3,000

3)time difference betwen two consecutive recharge is 15 recharge .

AXIS BANK LOCKER FACILITY

AXIS BANK LOCKER FACILITY

ADVANTAGES

1)wide availability-as on november 30 ,2010 locker are available at 944 branches and extension counters.

2)lockers available various sizes

3)direct debits for lockers rentals from your account rid you of the hassles in writing out cheques .


4)extended banking hours to operate lockers

5)competitive rentals

SERVICES OFFERED BY AXIS BANK

SERVICES OFFERED BY AXIS BANK

1)prepaid mobile recharge

2)locker facility

3)online shopping

4)IPO SMART

5)e-statement

AXIS BANK MOBILE RECHARGE

AXIS BANK MOBILE RECHARGE

All axis bank customer can recharge their mobile phones by using iconnect .the process is simple and instant .
This facility can used by all customer who have registered for netsecure .

AXIS BANK LOAN AGAINST SECURITY DETAILS

AXIS BANK LOAN AGAINST SECURITY DETAILS

1) individuals are only eligible to apply

2)maximum limit upto 50% of valuation

3)overdraft facilities against more than 300 schemes

4)overdraft tenture of 12 months

AXIS BANK LOAN AGAINST SHARE

AXIS BANK LOAN AGAINST SHARES DETAILS

1)individual are only eligible to apply

2)overdraft facilities against single and combination of scrips

3)interest charged on actual amount utilised - no emi or post dated cheques required

4)shares can be pledged from any depository partcipant across the country

5)special scheme for axis bank priority and wealth customers

AXIS BANK EDUCATION LOAN DETAILS

AXIS BANK EDUCATION LOAN DETAILS :-

1)QUANTUM OF LOAN
The quantum finance under the scheme is capped at 10 lacs for studies in india and 20 lack for studies study abroad ,which will cover tuition fes ,hostel charges ,cost of books etc . The minimum amount of loan would be 50,000 .

2) MARGIN

No margin for loans upto 4 lacs . For loan above 4 lacs ,5% margin for students in india and 15% for abroad .

3) ROLE OF THE GUARDIAN

The parents of the student would be treated as co-applicant .

4) SECURITY

Third party guarantee and/or collateral security may asked in appropriate cases .

5)ADDITIONAL SECURITY

Assignment of lic policy in favour of the bank for the sum assured being at least 100% of the loan amount . The polico is kept alive during the currency of the loan . To ensure this the annual premium may be included in the computation of the loan requirement ,along with the tuition fees andother recurring charges . Further the future income of the student needs to be assigned in favour of the bank for meeting the installment obligation .

6)DISBURSEMENT

The loan will bn disbursed in full or in suitable installments taking into account the requirements of funds and/or fees schedule as assessed by the bank directly to the educational institution or vendor of books or equipment of instruments .

AXIS BANK CONSUMER POWER LOAN

AXIS BANK CONSUMER POWER LOAN

CONDITIONS :-

You can apply for as little as 25,000 or as much as 2 lakh . The maximum loan cannot exceed 85% of the cost of the durable ,or 12 times your net monthly salary ,whichever is lower . You are charged a competitive interert rate and you can choose to repay your loan in 12 ,24 or 36 equated monthly instalments .
If you are a salaried person instalments are directly collected fron your salary .

AXIS BANK QUICK AND EASY HOME LOAN

AXIS BANK QUICK AND EASY HOME LOAN

FEATURES :-

1)attractive interest rates

2)balance transfer facility

3)doorstep service

4)nilpayment charges

AXIS BANK CAR LOAN BENEFITS

AXIS BANK CAR LOAN BENEFITS

1) 100% waiver of processing fees

2)waiver of salary slips and bank statements

BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI

BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI

said it plans to create a fund to starting lending in august targeting the 18 areas of business ,including social infrastructure and natural resources specified in the bojs scheme which provides upto 150 billion yen to each bank .

AXIS BANK CAR LOAN ELIGIBILITY

AXIS BANK CAR LOAN ELIGIBILITY

1)all customers having their salary account with axis bank since past 3 months .

2)30 times average net salary crediated during last 3 months

LOANS FROM BANK IN JAPAN

LOANS FROM BANK IN JAPAN

Japan top three banks said they would offering loans to businesses under the bank of japan new lending scheme aimed at redirecting money to industries with decent potential for growth .

LIST OF WORLD TOP BANKS

LIST OF WORLD TOP BANKS

1)deutsche bank ,germany

2)bnp paribas ,france

3)bank of tokyo-mitsubishi ,japan

4)ubs ,switzerland

5)bank of america ,usa

6)sumitomo bank ,japan

7)bayerische hypo-und vereins bank ,germany

8)norinchukin bank ,japan

9)dai-ichi kangyo bank ,japan

10)sakura bank ,japan

LIST OF TOP BANK IN JAPAN

TOP BANKS OF JAPAN

1) bank of japan

2)deutsche bank

3)mitsubishi ufj financial group

4)mizuho financial group

5) bank of india

6)dresdner bank

7)bank of china

8)japan bank for international cooperation

9)national australia bank

10)societe generale

6)

WORLD BEST WETTEST INHABITED PLACES

WETTEST INHABITED PLACES

1)buenaventura(columbia) - 265 inch

2)monrovia(liberia) - 202 inch

3)pago pago(american samoa) - 196 inch

4)moulmein(burma) - 191 inch

5)lae(papua new guinea) - 183 inch

6)baguio(luzon island ,philippines) -180 inch

7)sylhet(bangladesh) - 176 inch

8)padang(sumatra,indonesia) - 166 inch

9)bogor(java,indonesia) - 166 inch

10)conakry(guinea) - 161 inch

WORLD HOTTEST PLACES

WORLD HOTTEST PLACES

1)djibouti - 30 degree celcius

2)timbouctou(mali) ,tirunelveli(india) and tuticorin(india) - 29.3 degree celcius

3)nellore(india) and santa marta(columbia) - 29.2 degree celcius

4) aden(yemen) ,madurai(india) and niamey(niger) - 28.9 degree celcius

5)hodeida(yemen) ,ouagadougou(burkina) ,thanjavur(india) and tiruchirappalli(india) - 28.8 degree celcius

DRIEST INHABITED PLACES

DRIEST INHABITED PLACES

1)aswan(egypt) - 0.5 mm

2)luxor(egypt) - 0.7 mm

3)arica(chile) - 1.1 mm

4)ica(peru) - 2.3 mm

5)antofagasta(chile) - 4.9 mm

6)el minya(egypt) - 5.1 mm

7)asyut(egypt) - 5.2 mm

8)callao(peru) - 12.0 mm

9)trujillo(egypt) - 14.0 mm

10)el faiyum(egypt) - 19.0 mm

LARGEST DESERT

LARGEST DESERT

1)sahara - 3,450,000 sq miles

2)gobi - 500,000 sq miles

3)ar rub al khali - 289,600 sq miles

4)great victorian - 249,800 sq miles

5)sonoran - 120,000 sq miles

6)kalahari - 120,000 sq miles

7)kava kum - 115,800 sq miles

8)takla makan - 100,400 sq miles

9)namib - 52,100 sq mile

10)thar - 33,670 sq mile

WORLD HIGHEST WATERFALL

HIGHEST WATERFALL (NUMBER REPRESENT TOTAL HEIGHT)

1)angel(venezuela) - 979m

2)tugela(south africa) - 948m

3)utigard(norway) - 800m

4)mongefossen(norway) - 774m

5)mtarazi(zimbabwe) - 762m

WORLD DEEPEST OCEAN FEATURES

DEEPEST OCEAN FEATURES

1)challenger deep ,mariana trench(pacific) - 11,034m

2)vityaz III depth ,tonga trench(pacific) - 10,882m

3)vityaz depth ,kurile-kamchatka trench(pacific) - 10,542m

4)cape johnson deep ,philippine trench(pacific) - 10,497m

5)kermadec trench(pacific) -10,047m

6)ramapo deep, japan trench(pacific) - 9984m

7)milwaukee deep ,puerto rico trench(atlantic) - 9200m

8)argo deep ,torres trench(pacific) - 9165m

9)meteor depth ,south sandwich trenbh (atlantic) - 9144m

10)planet deep ,new britain trench(pacific) - 9140m

GREATEST WATERFALL

GREATEST WATERFALL(NUMBER REPRESENT MEAN FLOW OF WATER IN cu.m/sec)

1)boyoma(congo(zairel)) - 17,000

2)khone(laos-cambodia) - 11,600

3)niagara(usa/canada) - 5500

4)grande(uruguay) - 4500

5)paulo afonso(brazil) - 2800

WORLD LARGEST BODIES OF INLAND WATER

LARGEST BODIES OF INLAND WATER

1)CASPIAN SEA

2)LAKE SUPERIOR

3)LAKE VICTORIA

4)LAKE HURON

5)LAKE MICHIGAN

6)LAKE TANGANYIKA

7)GREAT BEAR LAKE

8)LAKE BAIKAL

9)GREAT SLAVE LAKE

10)LAKE ERIE

WORLD HIGHEST MOUNTAINS

WORLD HIGHEST MOUNTAINS

1)EVEREST - 8850mt

2)K2 - 8611mt

3)KANCHENJUNGA I - 8598mt

4)MAKALU I - 8463mt

5)CHO OYU - 8201mt

6)DHAULAGIRI I - 8167mt

7)MANASLU I - 8163mt

8)NANGA PARBAT I - 8126mt

9)ANNAPURNA I - 8091mt

10)GASHERBRUM I - 8068mt

WORLD LONGEST RIVERS LIST WITH LENGTH

WORLD LONGEST RIVER(NUMBER REPRESENT LENGTH OF RIVER IN MILES)

1)NILE(NE africa) - 4160

2)AMAZON(south america) - 4049

3)YANGTZE(china) - 3915

4)MISSISSIPI/MISSOURI(usa) - 3710

5)OB-IRTYSH(russian federation) - 3461

6)YELLOW RIVER(china) - 3395

7)CONGO(central africa) - 2900

8)MEKONG(southeast asia) - 2749

9)LENA(russian federation) - 2734

10)MACKENZIE(canada) - 2640

WORLD LONGEST RIVERS LIST WITH LENGTH

WORLD LONGEST RIVER(NUMBER REPRESENT LENGTH OF RIVER IN MILES)

1)NILE(NE africa) - 4160

2)AMAZON(south america) - 4049

3)YANGTZE(china) - 3915

4)MISSISSIPI/MISSOURI(usa) - 3710

5)OB-IRTYSH(russian federation) - 3461

6)YELLOW RIVER(china) - 3395

7)CONGO(central africa) - 2900

8)MEKONG(southeast asia) - 2749

9)LENA(russian federation) - 2734

10)MACKENZIE(canada) - 2640

LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH MAXIMUM LAND BORDERS

LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH MAXIMUM LAND BORDERS

1)CHINA - 14

2)RUSSIAN FEDERATION - 14

3)BRAZIL - 10

4)CONGO ,DEM .REP - 9

5)GERMANY - 9

6)SUDAN - 9

7)AUSTRIA - 8

8)FRANCE - 8

9)TANZANIA - 8

10)TURKEY - 8

LARGEST CONURBATIONS WITH DETAIL

LARGEST CONURBATIONS(NUMBER REPRESENT POPULATION)

TOKYO - 34,200,000

MEXICO CITY - 22,800,000

SEOUL - 22,300,000

NEW YORK - 21,900,000

SAO PAULO - 20,200,000

MUMBAI - 19,850,000

DELHI - 19,700,000

SHANGAI - 18,150,000

LOS ANGELES - 18,000,000

OSAKA - 16,800,000

JAKARTA - 16,550,000

KOLKATA - 15,650,000

CAIRO - 15,600,000

MANILA - 14,950,000

KARACHI - 14,300,000

LARGEST CONURBATIONS WITH DETAIL

LARGEST CONURBATIONS WITH DETAIL

LARGEST CONURBATIONS(NUMBER REPRESENT POPULATION)

TOKYO - 34,200,000

MEXICO CITY - 22,800,000

SEOUL - 22,300,000

NEW YORK - 21,900,000

SAO PAULO - 20,200,000

MUMBAI - 19,850,000

DELHI - 19,700,000

SHANGAI - 18,150,000

LOS ANGELES - 18,000,000

OSAKA - 16,800,000

JAKARTA - 16,550,000

KOLKATA - 15,650,000

CAIRO - 15,600,000

MANILA - 14,950,000

KARACHI - 14,300,000

POPULAR OR WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGES

MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGES

1)CHINESE(mandarin)

2)ENGLISH

3)HINDI

4)SPANISH

5)RUSSIAN

6)ARABIC

7)BENGALI

8)PORTUGUESE

9)MALAY-INDONESIAN

10)FRENCH

DETAILS OF LEAST DENSELY COUNTRIES

LEAST DENSELY COUNTRIES(NUMBES REPRESENT NUMBER OF PERSON PER SQUARE MILE)

MONGOLIA - 4

NAMIBIA - 6

AUSTRALIA - 7

MAURITANIA - 8

SURINAM - 8

BOTSWANA - 8

ICELAND - 8

CANADA - 9

LIBYA - 9

GUYANA - 10

DETAILS OF LEAST DENSELY COUNTRIES

LEAST DENSELY COUNTRIES(NUMBES REPRESENT NUMBER OF PERSON PER SQUARE MILE)

MONGOLIA - 4

NAMIBIA - 6

AUSTRALIA - 7

MAURITANIA - 8

SURINAM - 8

BOTSWANA - 8

ICELAND - 8

CANADA - 9

LIBYA - 9

GUYANA - 10

DETAILS OF LEAST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

LEAST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

VATICAN CITY - 921

TUVALU - 11,636

NAURU - 13,048

PALAU - 20,303

SAN MARINO - 28,880

MONACO - 32,409

LIECHTENSTEIN - 33,717

ST KITTS & NEVIS - 38,958

MARSHALL ISLANDS - 59,071

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA - 68,722

DOMINICA - 69,029

ANDORRA - 70,549

MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES

MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES(NUMBER REPRESENT PEOPLES PER SQUARE MILE)

MONACO - 43,212

SINGAPORE - 18,220

VATICAN CITY - 5418

MALTA - 3242

MALDIVES - 2836

BANGLADESH - 2743

BAHRAIN - 2663

CHINA - 1838

MAURITITS - 1671

BARBADOS - 1627

DETAILS OF LEAST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

LEAST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

VATICAN CITY - 921

TUVALU - 11,636

NAURU - 13,048

PALAU - 20,303

SAN MARINO - 28,880

MONACO - 32,409

LIECHTENSTEIN - 33,717

ST KITTS & NEVIS - 38,958

MARSHALL ISLANDS - 59,071

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA - 68,722

DOMINICA - 69,029

ANDORRA - 70,549

LIST OF MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

CHINA - 1,315,800,000

INDIA - 1,103,400,000

USA - 298,200,000

INDONESIA - 222,800,000

BRAZIL - 186,400,000

CAMEROON - 163,000,000

PAKISTAN - 157,900,000

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - 143,200,000

BANGLADESH - 14,800,000

NIGERIA - 131,500,000

LIST OF POOREST COUNTRIES

POOREST COUNTRIES (SHOWING AVERAGE INCOME/PERSON MONTHLY IN US$ )

BURUNDI - 90

ETHIOPIA - 110

LIBERIA - 110

CONGO ,DEM. REP. - 120

SOMALIA - 120

GUINEA-BISSAU - 160

MALAWI - 170

ERITREA - 180

SIERRA LEONE - 200

RWANDA - 220

AFGHANISTAN - 222

NIGER - 230

LIST OF RICHEST COUNTRIES

RICHEST COUNTRIES (SHOWING AVERAGE INCOME /PERSON MONTHLY IN US$)

LUXEMBOURG - 56,230

NORWAY
- 52,030

LIECHTENSTEIN - 50,000

SWITZERLAND - 48,230

USA - 41,400

DENMARK - 40,650

ICELAND - 38,620

JAPAN - 37,810

SWEDEN - 35,770

IRELAND - 34,280

WORLD TOP LARGEST ISLANDS

LARGEST ISLANDS

GREENLAND - 849,000 sq miles

NEW GUINEA - 312,000 sq miles

BORNEO - 292,222 sq miles

MADAGASCAR - 229,300 sq miles

SUMATRA - 202,300 sq miles

BAFFIN ISLAND - 183,800 sq miles

HONSHU - 88,800 sq miles

BRITAIN - 88,700 sq miles

VICTORIA ISLAND - 81,900 sq miles

ELLESMERE ISLAND - 75,700 sq miles

DETAILR OF WORLD SMALLEST COUNTRIES

SMALLEST COUNTRIES

VATICAN CITY - 0.17 sq miles

MONACO - 0.75 sq miles

NAURU - 8.2 sq miles

TUVALU - 10 sq miles

SAN MARINO - 24 sq miles

LIECHTENSTEIN - 62 sq miles

MARSHALL ISLANDS - 70 sq miles

ST. KITTS & NEVIS - 101 sq miles

MALDIVES - 116 sq miles

MALTA - 124 sq miles

LIST OF WORLD LARGEST COUNTRIES

LARGEST COUNTRIES

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - 6,592,735 sq miles

CANADA - 3,851,788 sq miles

USA - 3,717,792 sq miles

CHINA - 3,705,386 sq miles

BRAZIL - 3,286,470 sq miles

AUSTRALIA - 2,967,893 sq miles

INDIA - 1,269,339 sq miles

ARGENTINA - 1,068,296 sq miles

KAZAKHSTAN - 1,049,150 sq miles

SUDAN - 967,493 sq miles

Wednesday, December 29, 2010

EQUATORIAL GUINEA COUNTRY DETAILS

EQUATORIAL GUINEA (CENTRAL AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of equatorial guinea

FORMATION - 1968 / 1968

CAPITAL - malabo

POPULATION - 504,000 / 47 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 10,830 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish, fang ,bubi

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 90%,other 10%

ETHNIC MIX - fang 85%,other 10% ,bubi 4%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - cfa franc

LITERACY RATE - 84%

DOMINICA COUNTRY DETAILS

DOMINICA (WEST INDIES)

OFFICIAL NAME - commonwealth of dominica

FORMATION - 1978 / 1978

CAPITAL - roseau

POPULATION - 69,029 billion / 238 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 291 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,french creole

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 77 % ,protestant 15% ,other 8%

ETHNIC MIX - black 91% ,mixed race 6% ,carib 2% ,other 1%

GOVERNMENT - parliamemtary state

CURRENCY - eastern caribean dollar

LITERACY RATE - 88%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2763 Calories

CAMEROON COUNTRY DETAILS

CAMEROON (CENTRAL AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of cameroon

FORMATION - 1960 / 1961

CAPITAL - yaounde

POPULATION - 163 million / 907 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 183,567 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,french ,bamikeke ,fang ,fulani

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 35% ,traditional beliefs 25% ,muslim 22% ,protestant 18%

ETHNIC MIX - cameroon highlanders 31% ,other 21% ,equatorial bantu 19% ,kirdi 11% ,fulani 10% ,northwestern bantu 8%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - CFA franc

LITERACY RATE - 68%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2273 Calories

CHINA COUNTRY DETAILS

CHINA (EAST ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - people's republic of china

FORMATION - 960 / 1999

CAPITAL - beijing

POPULATION - 1.32 billion / 365 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 3,705,386 sq mile

LANGUAGES - mandarin ,wu ,cantonese ,hsiang ,min ,hakka ,kan

RELIGIONS - nonreligious 59% ,traditional beliefs 20% ,other 13% ,buddhist 6% ,muslim 2%

ETHNIC MIX - han 92% ,other 6% ,hui 1% ,zhuang 1%

GOVERNMENT - one-party state

CURRENCY -
Renminbi (known as yuan)

LITERACY RATE - 91%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2951 Calories

ERITREA COUNTRY DETAILS

ERITREA (EAST AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - state of eritrea

FORMATION - 1993 / 2002

CAPITAL - asmara

POPULATION - 4.4 million / 97 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 46,842 sq mile

LANGUAGES - arabic ,tigrinya ,english ,tigre ,afar ,bilen ,kunama ,nara ,saho ,hadareb

RELIGIONS -christian 45% ,muslim 45%,other 10%

ETHNIC MIX - tigray 50% ,tigray ane kunama 40% ,afar 4% ,other 3% ,saho 3%

GOVERNMENT - transitional regime

CURRENCY - nakfa

LITERACY RATE - 57%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 1513 Calories

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC COUNTRY DETAILS

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (WEST INDIES)

OFFICIAL NAME - dominican republic

FORMATION - 1865 / 1865

CAPITAL - santo domingo

POPULATION - 8.9 million / 476 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 18,679 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish ,french creole

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 92% ,other and nonreligious 8%

ETHNIC MIX - mixed race 75% ,white 15% ,black 10%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - dominican
Republic peso

LITERACY RATE - 88%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2347 Calories

CUBA COUNTRY DETAILS

CUBA (WEST INDIES)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of cuba

FORMATION - 1902 / 1902

CAPITAL - havana

POPULATION - 11.3 million / 264 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 42,803 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 40% ,protestant 1% ,other 4% ,nonreligious 49% ,atheist 6%

ETHNIC MIX - white 66% ,european-african 22% ,black 12%

GOVERNMENT - one party state

CURRENCY - cuban peso

LITERACY RATE - 97%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3152 Calories

COLOMBIA COUNTRY DETAILS

COLOMBIA (SOUTH AMERICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of colombia

FORMATION - 1819 / 1903

CAPITAL - bogota

POPULATION - 45.6 million / 114 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 439,733 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish ,wayuu ,paez and other amerindian languages

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 95% ,other 5%

ETHNIC MIX - mestizo 58% ,white 20% ,european-african 14% ,african 4%,african-amerindian 3% ,amerindian 1%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - colombian peso

LITERACY RATE - 94%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2585 Calories

CANADA COUNTRY DETAILS

CANADA (NORTH AMERICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - canada

FORMATION - 1867 / 1949

CAPITAL - ottawa

POPULATION - 32.3 million / 9 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 3,851,788 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,french ,chinese ,italian ,german ,ukrainian ,inuktitut ,cree

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 44% ,protestant 29% ,other and nonreligious 27%

ETHNIC MIX - british origin 44% ,french origin 25%, other european 20%,other 11%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - canadian dollar

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3589 Calories

BENIN COUNTRY DETAILS

BENIN (WEST AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of benin

FORMATION - 1960 / 1960

CAPITAL - porto-novo

POPULATION - 8.4 million / 197 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 43,483 sq mile

LANGUAGES - french ,fon ,bariba ,yoruba ,adja ,houeda ,somba

RELIGIONS - christian 20% ,muslim 30% ,voodoo 50%

ETHNIC MIX - fon 47% ,adja 12%, bariba 10%,other 31%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - CFA franc

LITERACY RATE - 34%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2548 Calories

BANGLADESH COUNTRY DETAILS

BANGLADESH (SOUTH ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - people's republic of bangladesh

FORMATION - 1971 / 1971

CAPITAL - dhaka

POPULATION - 142 million / 2743 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 55,598 sq mile

LANGUAGES - bengali ,urdu ,chakma ,marma, garo ,khasi ,santhali ,tripuri ,mro

RELIGIONS -muslim (mainly sunni) 87% ,hindu 12%,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -bengali 98% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - taka

LITERACY RATE - 41%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2205 Calories

BANGLADESH COUNTRY DETAILS

BANGLADESH (SOUTH ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - people's republic of bangladesh

FORMATION - 1971 / 1971

CAPITAL - dhaka

POPULATION - 142 million / 2743 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 55,598 sq mile

LANGUAGES - bengali ,urdu ,chakma ,marma, garo ,khasi ,santhali ,tripuri ,mro

RELIGIONS -muslim (mainly sunni) 87% ,hindu 12%,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -bengali 98% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - taka

LITERACY RATE - 41%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2205 Calories

BANGLADESH COUNTRY DETAILS

BANGLADESH (SOUTH ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - people's republic of bangladesh

FORMATION - 1971 / 1971

CAPITAL - dhaka

POPULATION - 142 million / 2743 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 55,598 sq mile

LANGUAGES - bengali ,urdu ,chakma ,marma, garo ,khasi ,santhali ,tripuri ,mro

RELIGIONS -muslim (mainly sunni) 87% ,hindu 12%,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -bengali 98% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - taka

LITERACY RATE - 41%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2205 Calories

BANGLADESH COUNTRY DETAILS

BANGLADESH (SOUTH ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - people's republic of bangladesh

FORMATION - 1971 / 1971

CAPITAL - dhaka

POPULATION - 142 million / 2743 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 55,598 sq mile

LANGUAGES - bengali ,urdu ,chakma ,marma, garo ,khasi ,santhali ,tripuri ,mro

RELIGIONS -muslim (mainly sunni) 87% ,hindu 12%,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -bengali 98% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - taka

LITERACY RATE - 41%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2205 Calories

AUSTRALIA COUNTRY DETAILS

AUSTRALIA (AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - common wealth of australia

FORMATION - 1901 / 1901

CAPITAL - canberra

POPULATION - 20.2 million / 7 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 2,967,893 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,italian ,cantonese ,greek ,arabic ,vietnamese ,aboriginal languages

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 26% ,anglican 24% ,other 23% ,nonreligious 13% ,united church 8% ,other protestant 6%

ETHNIC MIX - european 92% ,asian 5%, aboriginal and other 3%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - australian dollar

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3054 Calories

AUSTRALIA COUNTRY DETAILS

AUSTRALIA (AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - common wealth of australia

FORMATION - 1901 / 1901

CAPITAL - canberra

POPULATION - 20.2 million / 7 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 2,967,893 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,italian ,cantonese ,greek ,arabic ,vietnamese ,aboriginal languages

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 26% ,anglican 24% ,other 23% ,nonreligious 13% ,united church 8% ,other protestant 6%

ETHNIC MIX - european 92% ,asian 5%, aboriginal and other 3%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - australian dollar

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3054 Calories

AUSTRALIA COUNTRY DETAILS

AUSTRALIA (AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - common wealth of australia

FORMATION - 1901 / 1901

CAPITAL - canberra

POPULATION - 20.2 million / 7 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 2,967,893 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,italian ,cantonese ,greek ,arabic ,vietnamese ,aboriginal languages

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 26% ,anglican 24% ,other 23% ,nonreligious 13% ,united church 8% ,other protestant 6%

ETHNIC MIX - european 92% ,asian 5%, aboriginal and other 3%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - australian dollar

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3054 Calories

BOTSWANA COUNTRY DETAILS

BOTSWANA (SOUTHERN AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of botswana

FORMATION - 1966 / 1966

CAPITAL - gaborone

POPULATION - 1.8 million / 8 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 231,803 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,setswana ,shona ,san ,khoikhoi ,isindebele

RELIGIONS - traditional beliefs 50%,christian (mainly protestant) 30% ,other (including muslim )20%

ETHNIC MIX - tswana 98% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - pula

LITERACY RATE - 79%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2151 Calories

BELIZE COUNTRY DETAILS

BELIZE (CENTRAL AMERICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - belize

FORMATION - 1981 / 1981

CAPITAL - belmopan

POPULATION - 270,000 / 31 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 8867 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,english creole ,spanish mayan ,garifuna (carib)
RELIGIONS - roman catholic 62% ,other 13% ,anglican 12% ,methodist 6% ,mennonite 4% ,seventh-day adventist 3%

ETHNIC MIX - mestizo 44% ,creole 30% ,maya 11% ,garifuna 7% ,other 4% ,asian indian 4%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - belizean dollar

LITERACY RATE - 77%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION
- 2869 calories

BELIZE COUNTRY DETAILS

BELIZE (CENTRAL AMERICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - belize

FORMATION - 1981 / 1981

CAPITAL - belmopan

POPULATION - 270,000 / 31 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 8867 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,english creole ,spanish mayan ,garifuna (carib)
RELIGIONS - roman catholic 62% ,other 13% ,anglican 12% ,methodist 6% ,mennonite 4% ,seventh-day adventist 3%

ETHNIC MIX - mestizo 44% ,creole 30% ,maya 11% ,garifuna 7% ,other 4% ,asian indian 4%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - belizean dollar

LITERACY RATE - 77%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION
- 2869 calories

BAHRAIN COUNTRY DETAILS

BAHRAIN (SOUTHWEST ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - kingdom of bahrain

FORMATION - 1971 / 1971

CAPITAL - manama

POPULATION - 727,000 / 2663 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 239 sq mile

LANGUAGES - arabic

RELIGIONS - muslim(mainly shi'a) 99%, other 1%

ETHNIC MIX - bahraini 70% ,iranian ,indian and pakistani 24% ,other arab 4% ,european 2%

GOVERNMENT - monarchy

CURRENCY - bahraini dinar

LITERACY RATE - 88%

Tuesday, December 28, 2010

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA COUNTRY DETAILS

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (SOUTHEAST EUROPE)

OFFICIAL NAME - bosnia and herzegovina

FORMATION - 1992 / 1992

CAPITAL - sarajevo

POPULATION - 3.9 million / 198 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 19,741 sq mile

LANGUAGES - serbo-croat

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 15% ,other 10% ,muslim(mainly sunni) 40%, orthodox christain 31% ,protestant 4%

ETHNIC MIX - bosniak 48% ,serb 38% ,croat 14%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - marka

LITERACY RATE - 95%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2894 calorie

BELGIUM COUNTRY DETAILS

BELGIUM (NORTHWEST EUROPE)

OFFICIAL NAME - kingdom of belgium

FORMATION - 1830 / 1919

CAPITAL - brussels

POPULATION - 10.4 million / 821 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 11,780 sq mile

LANGUAGES - dutch ,french ,german

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 88% ,other 10% ,muslim 2%

ETHNIC MIX - fleming 58% ,walloon 33%, italian 2% ,moroccan 1%,other 6%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - bahamian dollar

LITERACY RATE - 96%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2755 calorie

ARGENTINA COUNTRY DETAILS

ARGENTINA (SOUTH AMERICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of argentina

FORMATION - 1816 / 1816

CAPITAL - buenos aires

POPULATION - 38.7 million / 37 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 1,068,296 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish ,italian ,amerindian languages

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 90% ,other 6% ,protestant 2%, jewish 2%

ETHNIC MIX - indo-europian 83%, mestizo 14% ,jewish 2% ,amerindian 1%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - new argentine peso

LITERACY RATE -97%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2992 calorie

BRUNEI COUNTRY DETAILS

BRUNEI (SOUTHEAST ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - sultanate of brunei

FORMATION - 1984 / 1984

CAPITAL - bandar seri begawan

POPULATION - 374,000 / 184 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 2228 sq mile

LANGUAGES - malay ,english ,chinese

RELIGIONS - muslim (mainly sunni) 66% ,buddhist 14%,other 10% ,christian 10%

ETHNIC MIX - malay 67% ,chinese 16% ,other 11% ,indigenous 6%

GOVERNMENT - monarchy

CURRENCY - brunei dollar

LITERACY RATE -93%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2855 calorie

BHUTAN COUNTRY DETAILS

BHUTAN (SOUTH ASIA)

OFFICIAL NAME - kingdom of bhutan

FORMATION - 1656 / 1865

CAPITAL - thimphu

POPULATION - 2.2 million / 121 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 18,147 sq mile

LANGUAGES - dzongkha ,nepali ,assamese

RELIGIONS - mahayana buddhist 70%, hindu 24% ,other 6%

ETHNIC MIX - bhute 50% ,other 25% ,nepalese 25%

GOVERNMENT - monarchy

CURRENCY - ngultrum

LITERACY RATE - 47%

BARBADOS COUNTRY DETAILS

BARBADOS (WEST INDIES)

OFFICIAL NAME - barbados

FORMATION - 1966 / 1966

CAPITAL - bridgetown

POPULATION - 270,000 / 1627 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 166 sq mile

LANGUAGES - english ,bajan(barbadian english)

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 4% ,other 24% ,anglican 40%
,nonreligious 17% ,pentecostal 8% ,methodist 7%

ETHNIC MIX - black african 90% ,other 10%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - barbados dollar

LITERACY RATE -99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3091 calorie

AUSTRIA COUNTRY DETAILS

AUSTRIA (CENTRAL EUROPE)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of austria

FORMATION - 1918 / 1919

CAPITAL - vienna

POPULATION - 8.2 million / 257 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 32,378 sq mile

LANGUAGES - german ,croatian ,slovenian , hungarian(magyar)

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 78% ,other 8% (including jewish and mushlim) ,nonreligious 9% ,protestant 5%

ETHNIC MIX - austrain 93% ,croat ,slovene and hungarian 6% ,other 1%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - euro

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 3673 calorie

ANGOLA COUNTRY DETAILS

ANGOLA (SOUTHERN AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of angola

FORMATION - 1975 / 1975

CAPITAL - luanda

POPULATION - 15.9 million / 33 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 481,351 sq mile

LANGUAGES - portuguese ,umbundu kimbundu ,kikongo

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 50% ,other 30% ,protestant 20%

ETHNIC MIX - ovimbundu 37% ,other 25% ,kimbundu 25% ,bakongo 13%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - readjusted kwanza

LITERACY RATE -67%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2083 calorie

ANDORRA COUNTRY DETAILS

ANDORRA

OFFICIAL NAME - principality of andorra

FORMATION - 1278 / 1278

CAPITAL - andorra la vella

POPULATION - 70,549 / 392 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 181 sq mile

LANGUAGES - spanish ,catalan ,french ,portuguese

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 94% ,other 6%

ETHNIC MIX - spanish 46% ,andorran 28% ,other 18% ,french 8%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - euro

LITERACY RATE -99%

ALBANIA COUNTRY DETAILS

ALBANIA

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of albania

FORMATION - 1912 / 1921

CAPITAL - tirana

POPULATION - 3.1 million / 293 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 11,100 sq mile

LANGUAGES - greek ,albanian

RELIGIONS - sunni muslim 70% ,orthodox christan 20% ,roman catholic 10%

ETHNIC MIX - albanian 93% ,greek 5% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - lek

LITERACY RATE -99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -2848 calories

ALGERIA COUNTRY DETAILS

ALGERIA(NORTH AFRICA)

OFFICIAL NAME - peoples democratic republic of algeria

FORMATION - 1962 / 1962

CAPITAL - algiers

POPULATION - 32.9 million / 36 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 919,590 sq mile

LANGUAGES - arabic ,tamazight ,french

RELIGIONS - sunni muslim 99% ,christian and jewish 1%

ETHNIC MIX - arab 75% ,berber 24% ,european and jewish 1%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - algerian dinar

LITERACY RATE -70%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -3022 calories

BOLIVIA COUNTRY DETAILS

BOLIVIA

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of bolivia

FORMATION - 1825 / 1938

CAPITAL - la paz(administrative) ,sucre (judical)

POPULATION - 9.2 million / 22 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 424,162 sq mile

LANGUAGE - aymara ,quechua ,spanish

RELIGIONS - roman catholic 93% ,other 7%

ETHNIC MIX -europian 10% , quechua 37% ,aymara 32% ,mixed race 13% ,other 8%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY -new boliviano

LITERACY RATE -87%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -2235 calories

BELARUS COUNTRY DETAILS

BELARUS

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of belarus

FORMATION - 1991

CAPITAL - minsk

POPULATION - 9.8 million / 122 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 80,154 sq mile

LANGUAGE - russian ,belarussian

RELIGIONS - orthodox christian 60%, roman catholic 8% ,other 32%

ETHNIC MIX - belarussian 78% ,russian 13%, polish 4%, ukrainian 3% ,other 2%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - belarussian rouble

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -3000 calories

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

OFFICIAL NAME - antigua and barbuda

FORMATION - 1981 / 1981

CAPITAL - st john's

POPULATION - 68,722 / 404 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 170 sq mile

LANGUAGE - english ,english patois

RELIGIONS - anglican 45% ,other protestant 42% ,roman catholic 10% ,other 2% ,rastafarian 1%

ETHNIC MIX - black african 95% ,others 5%

GOVERNMENT - parliamentary system

CURRENCY - eastern caribbean dollar

LITERACY RATE -86%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2349 calories
AFGHANISTAN

OFFICIAL NAME - islamic state of afghanistan

FORMATION - 1919 / 1919

CAPITAL - kabul

POPULATION - 29.9 million / 119 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 250,000 sq mile

LANGUAGE - pashtu, tajik, dari, farsih ,uzbek, turkmen

RELIGIONS -sunni mushlim 84% ,shi'a murlim 15% ,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -pashtun 38% ,tajik 25% ,hazara 19%, uzbek and turkmen 15% ,other 3%

GOVERNMENT - transitional regime

CURRENCY -new afghani

LITERACY RATE -36%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -1539 calories

AZERBAIJAN

AZERBAIJAN

OFFICIAL NAME - republic of azerbaijan

FORMATION - 1991 / 1991

CAPITAL - baku

POPULATION - 8.4 million / 251 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 33,436 sq mile

LANGUAGE - azari ,russian

RELIGIONS -sunni mushlim 26% ,shi'a murlim 68% ,other 1%, russian orthodox 3% ,armenian apostolic church 2%

ETHNIC MIX - azeri 90% ,dagestani 3% ,russian 3%, other 2% ,armenian 2%

GOVERNMENT - presidential system

CURRENCY - manat

LITERACY RATE - 99%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION - 2575 calories

AFGHANISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

OFFICIAL NAME - islamic state of afghanistan

FORMATION - 1919 / 1919

CAPITAL - kabul

POPULATION - 29.9 million / 119 people per sq mile

TOTAL AREA - 250,000 sq mile

LANGUAGE - pashtu, tajik, dari, farsih ,uzbek, turkmen

RELIGIONS -sunni mushlim 84% ,shi'a murlim 15% ,other 1%

ETHNIC MIX -pashtun 38% ,tajik 25% ,hazara 19%, uzbek and turkmen 15% ,other 3%

GOVERNMENT - transitional regime

CURRENCY -new afghani

LITERACY RATE -36%

CALORIE CONSUMPTION -1539 calories

INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

These are more than 60 disputed borders or territories in the world today . Although many of these disputes can be settled by peaceful negotiation ,some areas have become a focus for international conflict . Ethnic tensions have been a major source of territorial disaggrement throughout history , as has the ownership of , and access to valuable nature resources . The turmoil of the postcolonial era in many parts of africa is partly a result of 19th century carve-up of the continent . Which created potential for conflict by drawing often arbitrary lines through linguistic and cultural areas .

COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

There are currently 194 indenpendent countries in the world more than at any previous time and 59 dependencies . Antartica is the only land area on earth that is not officially part of and does not belong to any single country

In 1950 the world comprised 82 countries . In decade following many more states came into being as they acheived independence from their former colonial rurals .most recent additions were caused by the breakup of the former soviet union in 1991 ,and the former yugoslavia in 1992 ,which swelled the ranks of independent states . In may 2006 montenegro voted to split from serbia ,making in the latest country to gain independence .

SHIFTING BOUNDARIES -POLAND

SHIFTING BOUNDARIES-POLAND

Borders between countries can change dramatically over time . The nations of eastern europe have been particularly affected by changing boundaries . Poland is an example of a country whose boundaries have changing so significantly that it has literally moved around europe . At the start of 16th century . Poland was the largest nation in europe .Between 1772 and 1795 ,it was absorbed into prussia ,austria and russia and it effectively ceased to exist . After the first world war , poland became an independent countary once more . But its border is changed again after second world war following invasions by both soviet russia and nazi germany .

MOUNTAIN BORDERS

MOUNTAIN BORDERS

Mountain ranges from natural barriers and are the basics for many major borders . Particularly in europe and asia . The watershed is the conventional boundary demarcation line , but its accurate determination is often problematic .

LAKE BORDERS

LAKE BORDERS

Countries which lie next to lakes usually fix their borders in the middle of the lake . Unusually the lake nyasa border between malawi and tanzania runs along tanzania's shore .

ANTARCTICA

ANTARCTICA

When antarctica exploration began a century ago , seven nations , australia , argentina ,britain ,chile , france , new zealand and norway laid claim to the new territory . In 1961 the antarctica treaty , now signed by 45 nations ,agreed to hold all territorial claims in abeyance .

GEOMETRIC BORDERS

GEOMETRIC BORDERS

Straight lines and lines of longitudinal and latitude have occasionally been used to determine international boundaries and indeed the worlds second largest continuous international boundary between canada and the usa follows the 49th parallel for over one-third of its course . Many canadian ,american and australian internal administrative boundries are similarly determined using a geometric solution .

ENCLAVE

ENCLAVE

The shifting political map over the course of history has frequently led to anomalous situations . Parts of nation terretories aggrement forming an enclave . The west german part of the city of berlin , which until 1989 lay a hundreds miles (160 km) within east german territory was a famous example .

Monday, December 27, 2010

MONEY FLOWS

MONEY FLOWS

Foreign investment in the developing world during the 1970s led to a global financial crisis in the 1980s ,when many countries were unable to meet their debt repayments . The international monetary fund was forced to reschedule the debts and in some cases ,write them off completely . Within the developing world , austerity programs have been inhitiated to cope with the debt ,leading in turn to high unemployment and galloping inflation . In many parts of africa ,stricken economies are now dependent on international aid .

MONEY FLOWS

MONEY FLOWS

Foreign investment in the developing world during the 1970s led to a global financial crisis in the 1980s ,when many countries were unable to meet their debt repayments . The international monetary fund was forced to reschedule the debts and in some cases ,write them off completely . Within the developing world , austerity programs have been inhitiated to cope with the debt ,leading in turn to high unemployment and galloping inflation . In many parts of africa ,stricken economies are now dependent on international aid .

MONEY FLOWS

MONEY FLOWS

Foreign investment in the developing world during the 1970s led to a global financial crisis in the 1980s ,when many countries were unable to meet their debt repayments . The international monetary fund was forced to reschedule the debts and in some cases ,write them off completely . Within the developing world , austerity programs have been inhitiated to cope with the debt ,leading in turn to high unemployment and galloping inflation . In many parts of africa ,stricken economies are now dependent on international aid .

MONEY FLOWS

THE AFFLUENT WEST

THE AFFLUENT WEST
The capital cities of many countries in the developing world are showcases for consumer goods .reflecting the increase importance of the service sector and particularly the retail sector , in the world economy . The idea of shopping as a leisure activity is unique to the western world . Luxury goods and services attract visitors , who in turn generates tourist revenges .

ECONOMIC TIGERS

ECONOMIC ''TIGERS''

The ecomomic tigers of the pacific rim china, singapore and south korea have grown faster than europe and the US over the last decade . Their export and service led economics have benefited from stable govermnent ,low labor cost ,and foreign investment .

BOOMING CITIES

BOOMING CITIES

BOOMING CITIES
Since the 1980s the chinese government has set up special industrial zones, such as shanghai ,where foreign investment is encouraged through tax incentives migrants from rural china pour into these regions in search of work creating boomtown economies .

URBAN DECAY

URBAN DECAY
Although the US still dominates the global economy ,it faces deficits in both the federal budgets and the balance of trade . Vast discrepancies in personal wealth ,high level of unemployment ,and the dismantling of welfare provisions throughout the 1980s have led to severe deprivation in several of the inner cities of north america's industrial heartland .

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIES

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIES
In parts of the developing world . People survive by subsistence farming only growing enough food for themselves and their families . With no surplus product ,they are unable to exchange goods for currency ,farmers have been encouraged to concentrate on growing a single crops for the export . This reliance on cash corps leaves farmer vulnerable to crop failure and to change in the market price of the crop .

TOURIST MARKET DETAILS

TOURISM MARKET DETAILS
In 2004 ,there were over 700 million tourists worldwide . Tourism is now world's biggest single industry ,employing over 130 million people ,through frequently in low paid skilled jobs . While tourist are increasingly exploding inaccessible and less developed region of the world the benefits of the industry are not always felt at a local level . There are also worries about the environmemt impact of tourism as the worlds last wildernesses increasingly become tourist attraction .

THE DEVELOPING WORLD OF TRADE MARKET

THE DEVELOPING WORLD OF TRADE MARKET
International trade in capital and currency is dominated by the rich nations of the northern hemisphere . In parts of africa and asia ,where exports of any sort are extremely limited , home produced commodities are simply sold in local markets .

WORLD WEALTH DISPARITY

WORLD WEALTH DISPARITY
A global assessment of gross domestic product by nation reveals great disparities . The developed world ,with only a quarter of the worlds population has 80% of the world's manufacturing income . Civil war, conflicts and political instability further undetermine the economic self-sufficiency of many of the world's poorest nation .

NEW STOCK MARKETS

NEW STOCK MARKETS
New stock markets are now opening in many parts of the world ,where economic have recently emerged from state controls . In moscow and beijing and several countries in eastern europe, newly opeaned stock exchanges reflects the transition to market driven economies .

WORLD MONEY MARKETS

WORLD MONEY MARKETS

The financial world has traditionally been dominated by three major centres tokyo ,new york and london ,which hours the headquaters of stock exchanges multinational corporations and international banks . Their geographical location means that at any one time in a 24 hours day ,one major market is open for trading in shares ,currencies and commodies . Since the late 1980s ,technological advances have enabled transactions between financial centres to occur at ever greater speed and new markets have sprung up throughout the world .

SERVICE INDUSTRY

SERVICE INDUSTRIES
service industries such as banking tourism and insurance were the fastest growing industrial sector in the last half of the 20th century . Lloyds of london in the centre of the world insurance market .

INTERNATIONAL TRADE BLOCS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE BLOCS
Are formed when group of countries often already enjoying close military and political ties ,join together to offer mutually preferential terms of trade for both imports and exports . Increasingly global trade is dominated by three main blocks the EU ,NAFTA and ASEAN . They are supplanting older trade blocks such as the commonwealth , a legacy of colonialism .

SHIPPING

SHIPPING

Ships carry 80% of international cargo ,and extensive container ports where cargo is stored ,are vital links in the international transportation network .

WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM

WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM

The wealthy countries of the developed world ,with their aggressive market led economies and their access to protective new technologies and international markets dominate the world econonic system . At the other extreme many of the countries of the developing world are locked in a cycle of national debt, rising populations and unemployment . The state managed economies of the former communist bloc began to be dismantled during the 1990s and china is emerging as a major economic power following decades of isolation .

INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS

World trade acts as a stimulus to national economies encouraging growth . Over the last three decades , as heavy industry have declined , services -banking ,insurance ,tourism, airlines and shipping have taken an increasingly large share of world trade . Manufactured articles now account for nearly two third of world trade raw materials and fond make up less than the quarter of the total .

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA POPULATION DETAILS

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA POPULATION DETAILS

This is the world most sparsely settled region . The peoples of australia and new zealand live mainly in coastal cities with only scattered settlement in the arid interior . The pacific can only support limited population because of their remoteness lack of resources .

AVERAGE WORLD BIRTH RATE

AVERAGE WORLD BIRTH RATE

Birthrates are much higher in africa , asia and south america than europe and north america . Increased affluence and easy access in contraption are both factors which can lead to a significant decline in a country birthrate .

AVERAGE WORLD BIRTH RATE

AVERAGE WORLD BIRTH RATE

Birthrates are much higher in africa , asia and south america than europe and north america . Increased affluence and easy access in contraption are both factors which can lead to a significant decline in a country birthrate .

WORLD INFANT MORTALITY

WORLD INFANT MORTALITY
In parts of the developing world infact mortality rates are still high access to medical services such as immunization ,adequate nutrition and the promotion of breast feeding have been important in combating infant mortality .

WORLD NUTRITION

WORLD NUTRITION

Two third of the world food supply is consumed by industrialized nations many of which have a daily caloric intake far higher than is necessary for their populations to maintain a healthy body weight . In contract in the developing world about 800 million people do not have enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs .

WORLD NUTRITION

WORLD NUTRITION

Two third of the world food supply is consumed by industrialized nations many of which have a daily caloric intake far higher than is necessary for their populations to maintain a healthy body weight . In contract in the developing world about 800 million people do not have enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs .

WORLD LIFE EXPECTANCY

WORLD LIFE EXPECTANCY
Improve public health and living standards have greately increased life expectancy in the developed world , where people can now expect to live twice as long as they did 100 years ago . In many of the world's poorest nations , inadequate nutrition and diseased means that the average life expectancy still does not exceed 45 years .

WORLD NUTRITION

WORLD NUTRITION

Two third of the world food supply is consumed by industrialized nations many of which have a daily caloric intake far higher than is necessary for their populations to maintain a healthy body weight . In contract in the developing world about 800 million people do not have enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs .

WORLD NUTRITION

POPULATION GROWTH

POPULATION GROWTH

Improvement in food supply and advanced in medicine have both played a major role in the remarkable growth in global population which has increased five fold over the last 150 years . Food supplies have risen with the mechanization of agriculture and improvements in crop yeilds . Better nutrition together with higher standards of public health and sanitathion have led to increased longevity and higher birth rates .

POPULATION STRUCTURE

POPULATION STRUCTURES

Population pyramid are an effective means of showing the ages structures of different countries and highlighting changing trends in population growth and decline . The typical pyramid for a country with a growing ,youthful population is broad-bared ,reflecting a high birth rate and a far large number young rather than elderly people . In contract countries with populations whose number stabilising have a more balanced distribution of people in each age band and may even lower number of peoples in the youngest age range ,indicating both a high life expectancy and that the population is now barely replacing itself . The russian federation shows a marked decline in population due to a combination of a high death rate and low birth rate . The government has taken steps to reverse this trend by providing improved child support and health care . Immigration is also seen as vital to help sustain the population .

POPULATION DETAILS OF AFRICA

POPULATION DETAILS OF AFRICA

The arid climate of much of africa means that settlement of the continental is sparse ,focusing in coastal areas and fertile regions such as the nile valley . Africa still has a high proportion of nomadic agriculturalists ,although many are not becoming setelled and the population is predominantly rural .

POPULATION DETAILS OF ASIA

POPULATION DETAILS OF ASIA

Most asian settlement originally centered around the great river valleys such as the indus , the gangas and the yangtze . Today almost 60% of the world populations lives in asia . Many in burgeoning cities particularly in the economically buoyant pacific rim countries . Even rural population densities are high in many countries practices such as terracing in southeast asia making the most of the available land .

SOUTH AMERICA POPULATION STATUS

SOUTH AMERICA POPULATION STATUS

Most settlement in south america is clustered in a narrow belt in coastal zone in the northern andes . During the 20th century cities such as sao paulo and buenos aires grew enormously acting as powerful economic magnets to the rural population . Shantytowns have grown up on the outskirts of many major cities to house these immigrants often lacking basic amenities .

POPULATION STATUS OF EUROPE

POPULATION STATUS OF EUROPE

With its temperature climate and rich mineral and natural resources . Europe is generally very densely settelled . The continent acts as a magnet for ecnomic migrants from the developing world and immigration is now widely restricted . Birthrates in europes are generally low and in some countries such as germany the populations have stabilized at zero growth with fast growing elderly population .

NORTH AMERICA POPULATION STATUS

NORTH AMERICA POPULATION STATUS

The eastern and western seaboards of the US ,with huge expense of interconnected cities ,towns and suburbs are vast ,densely populated megalopolises . Central america and the caribbean also have high population densities . Yet away from the coasts and in the wildernesses of northern canada the land is very sparsely settled .

NOMADIC LIFE

NOMADIC LIFE

All the world people were hunter gatherers 10,000 years ago . Today nomads who live by following available food resources account for less than 0.0001% of the world's population . They are mainly pastoral herders , moving their livestock from place to place in search of grazing land .

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

The earth's population is projected to rise from its current level of about 6.5 billion to reach some 10 billion by 2025 . The global distribution of this rapidly growing population is very uneven and is dictated by climate ,terrain and natural and economic sources . The great majority of the earths people live in coastal zones and along river valleys . Desert cover over 20% of the earth surface but support less than 5% of the world population . It is estimated that over half of the world population live in cities most of them in asia as a result of mass migration from rural areas in search of job . Many of these people
Live in so called megacities ,some with population as great as 40 million .

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

The earth's population is projected to rise from its current level of about 6.5 billion to reach some 10 billion by 2025 . The global distribution of this rapidly growing population is very uneven and is dictated by climate ,terrain and natural and economic sources . The great majority of the earths people live in coastal zones and along river valleys . Desert cover over 20% of the earth surface but support less than 5% of the world population . It is estimated that over half of the world population live in cities most of them in asia as a result of mass migration from rural areas in search of job . Many of these people
Live in so called megacities ,some with population as great as 40 million .

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

The earth's population is projected to rise from its current level of about 6.5 billion to reach some 10 billion by 2025 . The global distribution of this rapidly growing population is very uneven and is dictated by climate ,terrain and natural and economic sources . The great majority of the earths people live in coastal zones and along river valleys . Desert cover over 20% of the earth surface but support less than 5% of the world population . It is estimated that over half of the world population live in cities most of them in asia as a result of mass migration from rural areas in search of job . Many of these people
Live in so called megacities ,some with population as great as 40 million .

WORLD POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

WEEDS

WEEDS
Weed such as bindweeds are fast growing easily dispersed and tolerant of a number of different environmental enabling them to quickly colonize suitable habitats . They are among the most adaptable of all plants .

RESISTING PREDATORS PLANTS

RESISTING PREDATORS PLANTS

A great variety of plant have developed devices including spines poisons ,stinging hairs and unpleasant taste or smell to deter animals predators .

RESISTING PREDATORS PLANTS

RESISTING PREDATORS PLANTS

RESISTING PREDATORS PLANTS

A great variety of plant have developed devices including spines poisons ,stinging hairs and unpleasant taste or smell to deter animals predators .

ANCIENT PLANTS

ANCIENT PLANTS
Some of the world's most primitive plants still exist tnday . Including algae , cycads and many ferns reflecting success with which they have adapted to changing conditions .

ANCIENT PLANTS

ANCIENT PLANTS
Some of the world's most primitive plants still exist tnday . Including algae , cycads and many ferns reflecting success with which they have adapted to changing conditions .

PLANT ADAPTATION

PLANT ADAPTATION

Environmental conditions particularly climate soil type and the extent of competition with other organism influence the development of plants into a number of distinctive forms . Similar conditions is quite different parts of the world create similar adaptations in the plants , which may then be modified by other local factors specific to the region .

URBAN ANIMALS

URBAN ANIMALS

The growth of cities has reduced the amount of habitat available to many species . A number of animals are now moving closer into urban areas to scavenge from the detritus of the modern city . Rodents particularly rats and mice have existed in cities for thousands of years and many insects especially moths quickly develop new coloring to provide them with camouflage .

RAIN FORESTS

RAIN FORESTS

Most of the world largest and oldest plants are found in rain forests warmth and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for vast plants like the worlds largest flower rafflesia .

ENDEMIC SPECIES

ENDEMIC SPECIES

Isolated areas such as australia and the island of madagascar , have the greatest range of endemic species . In australia these includes marsupials such as kangaroo which carry their young in pouches on their body . Destruction of habitat ,pollution ,hunting and prediaters introduced by humans are threatening this unique biodiversity .

AMAZON RAIN FOREST

AMAZON RAIN FOREST

The vast amazon basin is home to the worlds greately variety of animal species . Animals are adapted to live at many different levels from the treetops to the tangled underground which lies beneth the canopy . The sloth hangs upside down in the branches . Its fur grows from its stomach to its back to enable water to run off quickly .

DESERT ANIMALS

DESERT ANIMALS

Many animals whhch live in the extreme heat and aridity of the desert are able to survive for days or even months with very little food or water . Their bodies are adapted to lose heat quickly and to store fat and water . The gila monster stores fat in its tail .

MARINE BIODIVERSITY

MARINE BIODIVERSITY

The ocean supPort a huge variety of different species from the world's largest mammels like whales and dolphins down to the tiniest plantons . The greatest diversities occur in the warmer seas of continental shelves where plants are easily able to photosynthesis and around coral reefs where complex ecosystem are found . On the ocean floor nematodes can exist at a depth of more than 3000 metre below sea level .

ANIMAL ADAPTATION

ANIMAL ADAPTATION

The degree of an animals adaptability to different climate and conditions is extremely important in ensuring its sucess as a species . Many animals particularly the largest mammels are becoming restricted to ever smaller regions as human developing and modern agriculture practices reduce their natural habitat . In contract humans have been responsible both deliberately and accidentaly for the spread of some of the world's most successful species . Many of these introduced species are now more numerous than the indigenous animal populations .

POLAR ANIMALS

POLAR ANIMALS

The frozen wastes of the polar regions are able to support only a small range of species which derive their nutritional requirement from the sea . Animals such as the walrus have developed insulating fat stocks limbs and double layered coats to enable them to survive in the freezing conditions .

WETLANDS

WETLANDS

Rarely lying above sea level wetlands and marshes ,swamps and tidal flats . Some with their moist fertile soils are rich feeding ground for fish and breeding grounds for birds . Others little soil structure and are too acidic to support much plants and animals life .

BIODIVERSITY

BIODIVERSITY

The number of plants and animals Species and the range of genetic diversity within the population of each species make up the earths biodiversity . The plants and animals which are endemic to a region that is , those which are found nowhere else the world are also important in determining levels of biodiversity . Human settlement and intervention have encroached on many areas of the world once rich in endemic plant and animal species . Increasing international efforts are being to monitor and conserve the biodiversity of the earth remaining wild places .

TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS

TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS

Characterized by year-round warmth and high rain fall forests contains the highest diversity of plant and animals species on earth .

DRY WOODLANDS

DRY WOODLANDS

Trees and shrubs adapted to dry conditions grow widely spaced from one another interspersed by savannah grasslands .

TROPICAL AND TEMPERATURE GRASSLANDS

TROPICAL AND TEMPERATURE GRASSLANDS

The major grasslands areas are found in the centres of the larger continent landmasses . In africa's tropical savannah regions seasonal rainfall alternates with drought . Temperature grasslands also known as steppes and prairies are found in the northern hemispherd and in south america where they are also known as the pampas .

MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

Hot dry summer and short winter typify these areas which were once covered by evergreen shrubs and woodland but have now been cleared by humans for agriculture .

TEMPERATURE RAIN FOREST

TEMPERATURE RAIN FOREST

In warmer wetter areas such as southern china temperature deciduous forests are replaced by evergreen forests .

BROADLEAF FOREST

BROADLEAF FORESTS

Much of the northern hemisphere was once covered by deciduous forest which occured in areas with major seasonal variations . Most deciduous forests has been cleared for human settlement.

NEEDLEAF FOREST

NEEDLELEAF FORESTS

With milder summers than the tundra and less wind these areas are able to support large forests of coniferous trees .

TUNDRA FOREST

TUNDRA

A isolate with long dark freezing winters and short cold summer . With virtually no soil and large area of permantely frozen ground known as permafrost the tundra is largely treeless , through it is briefly clothed by small flowering plants in the summer months .

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

The earth can be divided into a series of biogrophical region or biomes , ecological communities where certain species of plant and animals coexist within particular climate conditions within these broad classification other factors including soil richness ,altitudes and human activities such as urbanization , intensive agriculture and deforestation intensive agriculture and deforestation affects the local distribution of living species within the biome .

Sunday, December 26, 2010

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

In general , ocean currents parallel the movement of wind across the earth surface . Incoming solar energy is greatest at the equator and least at the poles . So water in the oceans heat up most at the equator and flow polewards ,cooling as moves north or south towards the arctic or antarctic . The flow is eventually reverse and cold water currents move back towards the equator . These oceans currents are as a vast system for moving heat from the equator towards the poles and a major influence on the distribution of the earth climate .

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

In general , ocean currents parallel the movement of wind across the earth surface . Incoming solar energy is greatest at the equator and least at the poles . So water in the oceans heat up most at the equator and flow polewards ,cooling as moves north or south towards the arctic or antarctic . The flow is eventually reverse and cold water currents move back towards the equator . These oceans currents are as a vast system for moving heat from the equator towards the poles and a major influence on the distribution of the earth climate .

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION

In general , ocean currents parallel the movement of wind across the earth surface . Incoming solar energy is greatest at the equator and least at the poles . So water in the oceans heat up most at the equator and flow polewards ,cooling as moves north or south towards the arctic or antarctic . The flow is eventually reverse and cold water currents move back towards the equator . These oceans currents are as a vast system for moving heat from the equator towards the poles and a major influence on the distribution of the earth climate .

RISE IN TEMPERATURE OF EARTH

RISE IN TEMPERATURE OF EARTH

TEMPERATURE RISING OF EARTH

The world can be divided into three major climate zones stretching like large belts across the latitudes the tropics which are warmer the cold polar region and the temperature zones which lie between them . Temperatures across the earth range from above 30 degree in deserts to as low as -55 degree at the poles .temperature is also controlled by altitudes because air becomes cooler and less dense the higher it gets , mountains regions are typically colder than those areas which are at , or closer to sea level .

RISE IN TEMPERATURE OF EARTH

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

The earth is currently in a warm phase between ice ages . Warmer temperature result in higher sea levels as more of the polar ice caps melt . Most of the world population lives near coasts so anychange which might cause sea label to rise could have a potentially Disastrous impact .

DEFINE HIGH OR LOW WATER TIDES

HIGH AND LOW TIDES

The highest tides occurs when the earth , the moon and the sun are aligned . The lowest tides are experienced when the sun and moon align at right angles to one another .

GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION

GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION
air doer not simply flow from the equator to the poles , it circulates in giant cells known as hadley and ferrel cells . As air warms it expands becoming less dense and rising this creates areas of low pressure . As the air rises it cools and condense causing heavy rainfall over the tropics and slight snowfall over the poles . This cool air then sinks forming high pressure belts . At surface level in the tropics these sinking currents are deflected poleward as the westerlies and towards the equator the equator as trade winds. At the poles they become the polar eastern .

DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT

DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT

Storms ,earthquakes and volcanic activity trigger underwater currents known as turbidity currents which scours sand and gravel fqom the continental shelf creating underground canyons . These strong currents pick up material deposited at river mouths and deltas and carry it across the continental shelf and through the underground canyons where it is eventually laid down on the ocean floor in the form of fans .

SURFACE OR GROUND WATER DETAILS

SURFACE WATER

Ocean currents move warm water away from the equator toward the poles while cold water is in turn moved towards the equator . This is the main way in which the earth distributes surface heat and is a major climatic control. Approximately 4000 millions years ago , the earth was dominated by oceans and there was no land to interrupt the flow of the currents which would have flowed as straight lines, simply influenced by the earth rotation .

THE GREAT OCEAN

THE GREAT OCEAN

There are five oceans on earth the pacific , atlantic and southern oceans and the much smalles arctic ocean . There 5 ocean basins are relatively young having evolved within the last 80 million years . One of the most recent plate collision between the eurasian and african plates created the present day arrangement of continents and oceans .

SEA LEVEL

SEA LEVEL

If the influence of tides ,winds ,currents and variations in gravity were ignored the surface of the earth oceans would closely follow the topography of the ocean floor ,with an underground ridges 915 metre high producing a rise of up to 1 metre in the level of the surface of ocean water .

OCEAN STRUCTURE DETAILS

OCEAN STRUCTURE

The continental shelf is a shallow , flat seabed surrounding the earths continent . It extends to the continental slope , which falls to the ocean floor . Here the flat abyssal plains are interrupted by vast , underwater mountain ranges , the mid ocean trenches which plunges to depth of 10,920 metre .

BLACK SMOKERS

BLACK SMOKERS

These vents in the ocean floor disgorge hot, sulphur rich water from deep in the earth crust . Despite the great depths , a variety of lifeforms have adapted to the chemical rich environment which surrounds black smokers.

DEFINE FJORDS

FJORDS

Fjords are ancient glacial valleys flooded by sea following the end of a period of glaciation . Beneath the water , the valley floor can be 4000 ft deep.

DEFINE CIRQUES

CIRQUES

Cirques are basin shaped hollows which mark the head of a glaciated valley . Where neighboring cirques meet , they are divided by sharp rock ridges called aretes . It is these aretes which give the matterhorn its chateristics profile.

DEFINE ERIGLACIATION

PERIGLACIATION

Periglacial areas occur near to the edge of ice sheet . A layer of frozen ground lying just beneath the surface of land is known as permafrost . When the surface melts in the summer , the water is unable to drain into the frozen ground and so creeps downhill . Process known as solifluction .

ICE SHATTERING

ICE SHATTERING

Water drips into the fissures in the rock and freezes , expanding as it does so. The pressure weakens the rock ,causing it to crack and eventually to scatter into polygonal patterns .

WHAT IS DESERT ABRASION

DESERT ABRASION

Abrasion creates a wide range of desert landforms from faceted pebblds and wind ripples in the sand , to large scale features such as yardangs and scoured desert pavements .

WHAT IS DUNES AND TYPE OF DUNES

DUNES

Dunes are shaped by wind direction and sand supply . Where sand supply is limited ,crescent shaped barchan dunes are formed
Types of dune :-
1) transverse dune
2)barchan dune
3)linear dune
4)star dune

POST GLACIAL FEATURES

POST-GLACIAL FEATURES

When a glacial episode ends , the retreating ice leaves many features . These includes depositional ridges called moraines , which may be eroded into low hills known as drumlins ,sinuous ridges called eskers ,kames which are rounded hummocks depressions known as kettle holes and windblown losses deposit .

GLACIAL VALLEY

GLACIAL VALLEY

Glaciers can erode much more powerfully than river . They form steep-sided flat bottomed valleys with a typical U-shaped profile. Valleys created by tributary glaciers , whose floors have not been eroded to the same depth as the main glacial valley floor are called hanging valleys .
GLACIAL VALLEY

Glaciers can erode much more powerfully than river . They form steep-sided flat bottomed valleys with a typical U-shaped profile. Valleys created by tributary glaciers , whose floors have not been eroded to the same depth as the main glacial valley floor are called hanging valleys .

Saturday, December 25, 2010

BASALT

BASALT

Basalt is an igneous rock ,formed when small quantities of magma lying close to earths surface cool rapidly.

DRAINAGE BASINS

DRAINAGE BASINS

The drainage basins is the area of land drained by a major trunk river and its smaller branch river or tributaries . Drainage branch are seperated from one another by natural boundraies known as watersheds .

BEST LANDSLIDES

LANDSLIDES

Heavy rain and associated flooding on slopes han loosen underlying rocks , which crumble .causing the top layer of rock and soil to slip .

DELTA FORMATION

DELTAS

When a river deposit its load of slit and sediment (alluvium) on entering the sea , it may form a delta . As these materials accumulates it chokes the mouth of the river forcing it to create new channel to reach the sea .

DEFINATION MEANDERS

MEANDERS

In their lower courses , river flow slowly . As they flow across the lowlands . They form looping bends called meanders .

DEFINATION MEANDERS

MEANDERS

In their lower courses , river flow slowly . As they flow across the lowlands . They form looping bends called meanders .

DEPOSITION BY RIVER

DEPOSITION BY RIVER :-

When river have deposited large quantities of fertile alluvium , they are forced to find new channel through the alluvium deposits creating braided river system .

COASTAL WATER AREA

COASTAL WATER
The world's coastline are constantly changing every day tides, deposit ,sift and sort sand , and gravel on the shoreline . Over longer periods , powerful wave action erodes cliffs and headlands and carves out bays .

SHAPING THE LAND BY RIVER

SHAPING THE LAND BY RIVER :-
Rivers erode the land by grinding and dissolve rocks and stones. Most erosion occurs in the river's upper course as it flows through highland area's . Rock fragments are moved along the river bed by fast flowing water and deposited in areas where the rives slows down , such as flat plains or where the river enters seas or lakes .

GROUNDWATER AND WATERTABLE

GROUNDWATER AND WATER TABLE

In regions where there are porous rocks such as chalk, water is stored underground in large quantities ,these reservoirs of water are known as aquifers . Rain percolates through topsoil into the underlying bedrock , creating an underground store of water . The limit of the saturated zone is called the water table.

WATERFALL

WATERFALL such as the iguacu falls on the border between argentina and southern brazil , erode the underlying rock , causimg the falls to retreat.

TOTAL WATER AREA ON LAND

WATER AREA ON LAND :-

Less than 2% of the world water is on the land . But it is the most powerful agent of landscape change . Water as rainfall , groundwater and rivers can transform landscapes through both erosion and deposition . Eroded material carried by rivers forms the world's most fertile soils .

SHAPING THE EARTH LANDSCAPE

SHAPING THE LANDSCAPE :-

The basic material of the earth surface is solid rock , valleys ,deserts , soil and sand are all evidence of the powerful agends of weathering ,erosion and deposition which constantly shape and transform the earth's landscape . Water , either flowing continually in river or seas or frozen and compacted into solid sheets of ice , has the most clearly visible impact on the earth's surface . But wind can transport fragments of rock over huge distance and strip away protective layer of vegetation , exposing rock surface to the impact of extreme heat and cold .

DEFINE SCHIST

Schist is a metamorphic rock formed during mountains building when temperature and pressure are comparatively high. Both mudstone and shales reform into schist under these conditions.

WHAT IS ANDERSITE

ANDERSITE is a extrusive igneous rock formed from magma which has solidified on the earths crust after a volcanic eruption.

WHAT IS GRANITE

Granite is an intrusive igneous rock formed from magma which has solidified deep within the earths crust . The magma cools slowly producing a coarse grained rock .

SANDSTONE DETAILS

Sandstone are sedimentary rocks formed mainly in desert , beaches and deltas . Desert sandstones are formed of grains of quartz which have been well rounded by wind erosion.

CORAL REEFS

Coral reefs are formed from the skeletons of millions of individual corals.

DETAILS OF LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE

Limestone is a sedimentary rock which formed mainly from the calcite skeletons of marine animals which have been compressed into rock.

THE EARTH'S GEOLOGY

THE EARTH'S GEOLOGY :-

The earth's rocks are created in a continual cycle . Exposed rocks are weathered and eroded by wind ,water ,and chemicals and deposited as sediments . If they pass into the earth's crust they will be transformed by high temperatures and pressures into metamorphic rocks or they will melt and solidify as igneous rock.

WHAT IS BASALT

BASALT

Basalt is an igneous rock ,formed when small quantities of magma lying close to earths surface cool rapidly.

Friday, December 24, 2010

GNEISS DETAILS

GNEISS

Gneiss is a metamorphic rock made at great depth during the formation chains ,when intense heat and pressure transform sedimentary or igneour rocks .

CREATION THE HIMALAYAS

CREATION OF THE HIMALAYAS

Between 10 and 20 million years ago ,the indian subcontinent , part of the ancient continent of gondwanaland ,collided with the continent of asia. The indo-australia plate continued to move northward displacing continental crust and uplifting the himalayas ,the world hightest mountain chain.

THE HAWAIIAN ISLAND CHAIN

THE HAWAIIAN ISLAND CHAIN

A hot spot lying deep beneth the pacific ocean pushes a plume of magma from the earths mantle up through the pacific plates to form volcanic islands. While the hot spot remains stationary ,the plate on which the island sit is moving slowly . A long chain of islands has been created as the plate passes over the hot spot.

CONTINENTAL SHEILDS

CONTINENTAL SHEILDS

The centres of the earth's continents ,known as sheilds ,were established between 2500 and 500 millions years ago ,some certain rocks over three billion years old . They were formed by a series of turbulent events ,plate movements , earthquakes ,and volcanic eruptions . Since the pre-cambrian period ,over 570 million year ago ,they have experienced little tectonic activity ,and today ,these flat ,low-lying slabs of solidified molten rock from the stable centres of the continents . They are bounded or covered by successive belts of younger sedimentary rock.

CAMBRAIN PERIOD OF EARTH

1) CAMBRAIN PERIOD OF EARTH

570-510 million years ago . Most continents are in tropical latiludes . The supercontinent of gondwanaland reaches the south pole.

DEVONIAN PERIOD OF EARTH

2) DEVONIAN PERIOD OF EARTH

408-362 million year ago . The continents of gondwanaland and laurentia are drifting northward.

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD OF EARTH

3) CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD OF EARTH

362-290 million years ago. The earth is dominated by three continents ,laurentia,angaraland gondwanaland.

TRIASSIC PERIOD OF EARTH

4) TRIASSIC PERIOD OF EARTH

245-208 million years ago . All three major continents have joined to form the super-continent of pangea.

TERTIARY PERIOD OF EARTH

7) TERTIARY PERIOD OF EARTH

65-2 million years ago .although the world geography is becoming more recognizable ,major events such as the creation of the himalaya mountain chain, are still to occur this period.